Napoleon's was the last. The woad regions became impoverished. Only a few woad-farmers and woad dyeworks survived into the 20th century. Since about 1990, there have been efforts to revitalize woad-dyeing in Europe , mainly as hobby projects by enthusiasts. One of these, however, that of Denise and Henri Lambert in Lectoure is now producing woad-indigo in agro-industrial volumes. Historically, indigo has been obtained from the leaves of Isatis tinctoria by a complex process that involved fermentation. The dye is rarely used nowadays, having been replaced at first by pigment from the tropical plant Indigofera tinctoria and more recently by synthetic dyes, which have reduced the use of both of these plants.
